As a drugs carrier, liposome can alter the pharmacokinetics of the entrapped drugs. Thus, drugs can act directly on the targeted cell while their systemic side effects are reduced. To become an effective drugs carrier, liposome must reach its stability in chemical, physical, and biological conditions. Liposome stability can be achieved by changing the lipid composition, such as EPC-TEL 2,5 which is made from the combination of Egg Yolk Phosphatydyl Coline (EPC) and TEL 2,5 mol % that is extracted from Thermoplasma acidofilum. The aim of this study is to test the chemical stability of liposome EPC-TEL 2,5 with sonication by addition of NaCI 150 mOsmol pH 7 solution. The increase in number of liposome larger than 100 nm is the stability parameter in this study. After observation at day 0, 7, 30, 60, 90, there was no significant increase in the number of liposome larger than 100 nm after addition of NaCI 150 mOsmol pH 7 compared with control.

Background:The use of CD4+ T Lymphocyte count as a vital component to ascertain the stage of HIV/AIDS disease as well as monitor the progress of the disease continues to take centre stage in the management of HIV/AIDS in Africa and beyond. Most health centres in Sub-saharan Africa rely on cut off reference values from different races and distant parts of the world. Aim:This study was designed to establish the range of CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts among the HIV-negative individuals and also HIV-positive patients at initial booking in the anti-retroviral clinic of our hospital where clinical diagnosis was established. Methods:Patients were recruited into the study as they report to the hospital on daily basis; structured questionnaires were administered where socio-demograhic and relevant clinical information were obtained. Blood samples (3-5mls) were collected using aseptic techniqueand processed where HIV screening was conducted, and CD4+ T Lymphocyte cell count was carried out using Cyflow (Partec, Germany). Results were fed into Microsoft excel 2007 version and analysed using SPSS 14. Results:A total of 386 HIV-positive and 145 HIV-negative individuals were recruited into the study. The average CD4+ T Lymphocytes count among the HIV negative individuals was 850 cells /µL and ranged from 200 to 1950 cells/µL with CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts of less than 300 cells/µL being 5 (3.4%). The CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts of less than 500 cells/µL among the HIV-negative individuals was 19(13.1%). However, the CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts among HIV-infected individuals ranged from 50 to 1450 cells/µL, 0.8% (n=3) while 45.9% (n=177) presented with CD4+ T Lymhocyte counts of 50 or less and less than 250 cells/µL respectively. The fact that 75.9% (n=293) of the patients had a CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts of less than 500 cells/µL shows the general late presentation of patients with HIV infection at our health settings, and as much as 50% of these were aware of their HIV status the very first time. Conclusion:Late presentation of patients at the HIV clinic is still a major challenge as many are still not aware of their HIV status. More awareness and sensitization campaigns should be deployed to bridge this gap. Also,very Low CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts may as well be recorded in HIV-negative individuals and hence CD4 T Lymphocyte values should be interpreted based on this understanding.

Along with the Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), South Asia also includes a few other smaller countries such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. These eight South Asian countries, with 5.1 million square kilometres of landmass, compriseonly 3.4%of the world’s surface. However, with a combined population of 1.75 billion, South Asia houses more than 23% of the global population. Except Bangladesh, the basic health indicators in the South Asian countries are not impressive. It should be noted that Bangladesh has made impressive gains in recent decades in this regard. The paper examines the pattern of health expenditure as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as health expenditure per capita to better understand and explain the poor overall health indicators. In South Asian countries, the government expenditure as a percentage of the total health expenditure is also substantially lower than in many other developing countries. This may help explain, partially at least, the continuing inequity in health in these countries.

In population size India, Pakistan and Bangladesh comprising the Indian sub-continent are the largest in South Asia with a combined population of 1.66 billion. Although widespread poverty, natural disasters, environmental degradation and rapid urbanization make the population of these countries most vulnerable to health hazards, they spend little money as a percentage of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health care. While India spends only 4.7% of its GDP on health, Pakistan and Bangladesh spend even less - 2.6% and 2.8% of their GDP on health respectively. Resources dedicated to mental health are far lower. The paper critically examines the pattern of mental health resources (human, financial and facilities) in these South Asia countries with a view to highlight the plight of the mentally ill. This may help explain, partially at least, the continuing systemic neglect faced by mental health in these South Asian countries comprising more than 23% of the global population.

In our everyday practice, when the patient attends his outpatient appointment, he/she expects a full perfect session of consultation with the expert. So, a good preparation from both parties promotes a better quality of the consultation and minimises the risk of missing any information.It is estimated that over 80% of diagnoses are made on history alone, a further 5-10% on examination and the remainder of investigation [1].Despite this might be debatable and differs from case to case, the patient presenting history remains the essential aspect of clinical practice and appropriate history taking can easily lead the clinician to make a correct diagnosis of the health problem in many cases.So that, the patient’s preparation before the consultation is highly recommended, and importantly, we need to focus on the records before reviewing the patient